Hardscape
Pavers, concrete, flagstone, decomposed granite, gravel, retaining walls, steps, and drainage.
Pavers
Concrete, natural stone, and porcelain pavers offer flexibility, repairability, and a wide range of finishes. A proper base (4–6 inches compacted) and edge restraints prevent settling.
Concrete
Poured concrete is durable and economical for large areas. Control joints manage cracking. Stamped and exposed-aggregate finishes cost more. Reinforcement (rebar or mesh) depends on use.
Flagstone, decomposed granite, and gravel
- Flagstone: natural stone slabs, dry-laid or mortared
- Decomposed granite (DG): compacted, permeable, economical — can be stabilized
- Gravel: low cost, permeable, needs edging to contain
Retaining walls and steps
Retaining walls over a local height threshold (often 3–4 ft) usually require a permit and engineering. Drainage behind the wall (gravel, weep holes) is essential to prevent failure.
Drainage considerations
Hardscape changes how water moves. Slope surfaces away from structures (about 1–2% grade) and direct runoff to drains, swales, or permeable areas.
Permeable surfaces and stormwater
Permeable pavers, DG, and gravel reduce runoff and may qualify for stormwater credits or rebates. Some local stormwater rules encourage or require permeable surfaces.
When a permit and engineering are required
- Retaining walls above local height thresholds
- Grading that moves significant soil volume
- Structures like pergolas and outdoor kitchens
- Electrical and gas lines for lighting and fire features
Heat and reflectivity
Dark concrete and artificial surfaces absorb heat; light-colored pavers, DG, and plant shade reduce the urban heat island effect near your home.
Permit thresholds vary by city. Confirm requirements with your local building department before starting.
Homeowner Checklist
- Confirm base depth with your contractor
- Slope surfaces away from the foundation
- Check if retaining walls need a permit
- Consider permeable options for stormwater
- Plan drainage before pouring or laying pavers
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